Azoospermia is the absence of sperm in seminal fluid, which means there is no sperm count in the ejaculate. It affects 5-10% of men evaluated for infertility and can be present from birth or develop later in life.
Types of Azoospermia:
Pretesticular Azoospermia: Normal testicles but hormonal issues or conditions like chemotherapy affect sperm production
Testicular Azoospermia: Damage to the testicles, due to:
Infections (e.g., epididymitis, urethritis)
Childhood illnesses (e.g., viral orchitis)
Injuries or cancer treatments (e.g., radiation)
Genetic conditions (e.g., Klinefelter’s syndrome)
Post-Testicular Azoospermia: Normal sperm production but issues with sperm transport, such as:
Blockages in sperm-carrying tubes (obstructive azoospermia)
Vasectomy
Retrograde ejaculation (semen entering the bladder instead of exiting)
Symptoms:
Often asymptomatic
May include low sex drive, erectile dysfunction, testicular discomfort, or reduced facial/body hair.
Prevention:
Avoid reproductive organ injuries
Minimize radiation exposure
Understand medication risks
Avoid prolonged heat exposure to the testes
Treatment:
Depends on the underlying cause and is tailored to the individual patient. Options may include hormonal treatments, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies.
